Commissioning the Past: Understanding South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission/Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Miracle or Model?

Deborah Posel and Graeme Simpson, eds. Commissioning the Past: Understanding South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2002. Notes. Index. 256 pp. No price reported. Paper.

Lyn S. Graybill. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Miracle or Model? Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2002. 231 pp. Chronology. Glossary. Acronyms. Bibliography. Index. $49.95. Cloth. $19.95. Paper.

Since coming into existence in 1995, the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) has given rise to a large number of publications. Consequently, it has become more and more difficult to say anything new about it. Understandably, then, these two publications do not really provide much new information. In any case, Commissioning the Past is based on papers given at a 1999 conference aimed at evaluating the TRC; the ideas expressed at this conference might have been innovative at that time, but they are not anymore. Nevertheless, although occasionally repetitive, the essays in this collection do offer a fresh approach to the TRC, first because the authors look at the commission from the point of view of individuals, and second because they clearly emphasize the personal aspects of the process as well.

The book consists of eleven chapters by a variety of authors. After a critical introduction about the "truth" aspect of the commission, part 1 contains three essays that give insider accounts of the TRC. All three are fairly negative about the problems encountered in its daily activities. There was a conflict between the "historical analysis" approach of the TRC Research Department and the positivist approach of the lawyers; the time pressure for the researchers was too tight and the TRC report failed to cover the atrocities committed outside South Africa or in the rural areas; the decisions made by the Amnesty Committee were often inconsistent and contradictory and even the in-depth investigations of the Investigation Unit did not dig deep enough; the stories of the victims were standardized and reframed in too positivist a way; and there was not enough cooperation between the different committees. The authors of these pieces are very harsh in their criticism, but they agree that, in spite of everything, the TRC was a great achievement with many positive features.

The second part of the book is devoted to the stories of three victims. The authors of these chapters quote at length from the victims' testimonies and discuss the expectations and perceptions of the victims about the TRC process. The victims in question are rather disappointed about the TRC because it brought neither the truth nor the justice they had desired. In part 3 of the collection, four outsider assessments are presented. The first three are rather negative, claiming that the TRC did not really explain apartheid, that it did not pay attention to the social aspects of the past conflict, and that it was not effective on a personal and local level. The book ends, however, with a positive contribution about the TRC process. Emphasizing the advantages of restorative justice, the author argues that a truth commission is a good way of dealing with the past in a period of transition.

All of the chapters in this book are individual reflections on the TRC process, mostly by people who were directly involved. Thus, although the collection does not offer a lot of new insights into the TRC, the concrete case studies and testimonies from TRC participants do reframe existing knowledge in a more personal and less theoretical way. If most of the articles are critical, the reader nonetheless comes to the end of the book admiring the TRC process, even while acknowledging its shortcomings.

Lyn Graybill does not give us substantial new information about the TRC either. Instead, she provides a comprehensive overview of the available knowledge about the commission. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa begins with a discussion of the issues surrounding the setting up of the commission. It then continues with two chapters on Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu, offering details about the lives of these men under apartheid, their attitudes toward reconciliation, and their roles in the TRC process. In subsequent chapters Graybill examines the aspects of forgiveness and amnesty, and the function storytelling has had for many victims. She looks specifically at two social groups in relation to the TRC, namely women and the so-called innocent bystanders (113)-the ordinary white South Africans who did not actively commit gross human rights violations. The book also examines the TRC's media and faith community hearings. In two concluding chapters, Graybill tries to throw light on the future of South Africa and to explore whether the South African TRC is a workable model that can be adopted by other countries.

Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa highlights a number of particular themes. Central to the work, for example, is an emphasis on the religious aspect of the TRC. And because the book has obviously been written for an American audience, Graybill explores how the TRC process has been received in the U.S. One of the book's great strengths is the large amount of information conveyed, in the form of both facts and figures. In addition, there is a very extensive bibliography, a chronology, a glossary, and a list of acronyms. Further, Graybill's own reflections are supplemented with quotations from often well-known academics and writers who have also written on the TRC. She has done an outstanding research job and has collected most of the available TRC material. At the same time, she does not limit herself exclusively to the TRC process itself; instead, she tries to find explanations for the coming into existence of the commission and addresses the post-TRC era. Indeed, Graybill often refers to the responsibilities of the present government. Here her comments are mostly critical, as when she writes about the possibilities of a second amnesty, the HIV/AIDS controversy, the extent of media freedom, the realization of the reparations recommended by the TRC, and the government's commitment to social justice. She also is disappointed at the unwillingness of whites generally to make material sacrifices and to be more actively involved in building a new South Africa.